The military operation, dubbed ‘Just Cause’, lasted a month – from December 1989 to January 1990 – and official estimates put the number of deaths at around 300 Panamanian soldiers and civilians. However, human rights groups have pegged the number of Panama’s dead in the thousands. Around 23 of the roughly 27,000 American soldiers involved in the conflict were killed in action.

The invasion remains an open wound for many Panamanians, who commemorate the event annually. There have been demands for December 20, the anniversary of the US action, to be declared a day of national mourning. Families have for decades called on the government to identify the remains of those who were killed and buried in mass graves.

On Thursday, Panama’s Attorney General Geomara Guerra announced that four bags of remains had been recovered so far at the Monte Esperanza cemetery in the city of Colon. He revealed that the remains were discovered in the same bags that US troops had distributed for burials.

“We plan to keep doing the work to dig in the earth and see how many more bags could be there,” Guerra told reporters.

Last year, officials found the unidentified remains of about 30 people during exhumation efforts at a site of about 100 graves within Jardin de Paz cemetery in the capital, Panama City. The bodies had been buried there 30 years ago after initially being dumped in mass graves during the invasion.

Although the search was later suspended due to Covid-19 restrictions, another body was reportedly dug up after it resumed earlier this year. All the recovered remains are undergoing DNA examination to identify the individuals who were killed.

Official approval for the exhumations came after a government-implemented Truth Commission documented about 20 disappearances due to the invasion. The commission of legal experts and academics, which was set up in 2016, accessed court records and documents and uncovered new evidence and testimonies from the relatives of victims.

It has also compiled a DNA bank, containing biological samples taken from relatives that will be used to compare against the exhumed remains.

The invasion occurred after the souring of ties between the US government and one-time CIA asset Noriega, who had trafficked cocaine for years before former US President George H.W. Bush ordered the military action to bring him “to justice.” Many believed the invasion was orchestrated to prevent Noriega from opening his mouth about his relationship with the agency.

In 2018, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights found the US guilty of “human rights violations” and ordered it to “provide full reparation.” Panama's President Laurentino Cortizo said the next year that the country would explore the issue of reparations with Washington, but noted that ties between the two countries were “fluid.”